[Evaluation of depth perception and heterophoria among laboratory sciences students in Mashhad, 2011]

Normal stereopsis as the highest level of binocular vision is required for most of clinical works such as working with microscope and some jobs, like piloting and surgery. The aim of this study was to evaluate, depth perception and hetrophoria in Mashhad laboratory sciences students in 2011. In this cross sectional study from 153 Mashhad laboratory sciences students, 42 subjects were selected randomly. Eye examinations including subjective and objective refraction and measurement of hetrophoria by cover test and prism bar were performed. The stereopsis was then determined with the T.N.O stereo test at 40 distance observation. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 11.5 software. Patients with amblyopia, cataract, and other ocular pathology were excluded from the study. Mean stereoacuity of the subjects was 147/14 +/- 129/76. Among this population, 14 subjects [%33.3] used microscope monocularly and 28 subjects [% 66.7] used it bionocularly. There was no significant difference between mean stereopsis and hetrophoria and other relative effective factors such as refractive error, way of using microscope, near point of convergence age and sex [p>0.05]. Comparison between mean monocular and binocular stereopsis was not significant [p>0.05]. There was no statictically significant difference between mean stereopsis and hetrophoria and other relative factors. However due to working too much with microscope, most of the laboratory sciences students had anomaly of binocular vision like intermittent exotropia and abnormal near point of convergence. This indicates the necessity of more research in anomaly of binocular vision in laboratory sciences students

[ relation of binocular symptoms with stereopsis]

To determine stereopsis with local [Titmus] and global [TNO] tests in symptomatic and asymptomatic subjects according to induced disparity [crossed or uncrossed]. In this cross sectional study, 80 students of Zahedan University of Medical Sciences who fulfilled the inclusion criteria were randomly selected. At first, refractive error was determined by retinoscopy and then based on the presence of binocular vision symptoms subjects were divided into symptomatic and asymptomatic. The ocular deviation was determined with use of the alternate prism cover test and stereopsis was determined with TNO and Titmus tests. Data was analyzed in software SPSS.15 using Mann-Withney U, Wilcoxon, Spearman correlation and Fisher's exact tests. Mean stereopsis with the TNO test in symptomatic and asymptomatic subjects with crossed disparity was 133.12 +/- 70.11 and 76.78 +/- 82.57 sec/arc and that with uncrossed disparity was 135.0 +/- 67.5 and 83.2 +/- 49.7 sec/arc, respectively. Using the Titmus test with crossed disparity the value was 44.3 +/- 7.27 and 40.7 +/- 3.4 sec/arc and with uncrossed disparity stereopsis was 50.0 +/- 12.1 and 40.0 +/- 0.0 sec/arc in symptomatic and asymptomatic subjects, respectively. The Mann-Withney U test showed significant difference between stereopsis [with crossed and uncrossed disparity] with symptoms [P<0.05]. Stereopsis is a useful factor in differential diagnosis of individuals with symptomatic and asymptomatic binocular vision that for these purpose the local and global tests can be used, the importance of the global tests is more than local tests. There is no difference between crossed and uncrossed disparity stereopsis in all subjects

[Variation of accommodative and vergence responses with viewing at near addition lenses in three near viewing distances]

It is well accepted that accommodation system is characterized by steady state error in focus. Usually near addition lenses are prescribed to prepresbyopic individual for treatment of binocular motor problems such as convergence excess and accommodative disorder. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the near addition lenses in accommodative and vergence responses at three viewing distances. This semi-experimental study was done on 42 students of 17-25 years old in Zahedan, South-Eastern Iran during 2009. After correction of refractive error, phoria states with APCT and binocular and monocular lag of accommodation by MEM method with and without +2.00 lenses in three difference distances [30, 40, 50 cm] was measured. Data analyzed by ANOVA, t-student and paired t-tests. There was significant difference between average of lag of accommodation and phoria at various distances, with and without lens [P<0.05]. Also, there was significant difference between mean of lag in 3 fixation distance [P<0.017]. There was no significant difference between average of lag of accommodation and phoria at various distances in three group of refractive error. Our results showed that, near addition lens reduce the lag of accommodation. It is proposed, therefore, according to near emmetropization theory addition lenses may be effective in reducing of the myopia progression

[Relationship between central corneal thickness, intra ocular pressure and visual field in normal tension and primary open angle glaucoma]

Glaucoma is one of the most important cause of blindness wordwide. Exact determination of intra ocular pressure is important for the diagnosis and decision making about glaucoma treatment. Central corneal thickness is considered as effective factor on intra ocular pressure and visual field defect. This study was carried out to determine the relationship between central corneal thickness, intra ocular pressure and visual field in normal tension and primary open angle glaucoma. This descriptive study was carried out on 45 eyes with normal tension glaucoma and 45 eyes with primary open angle glaucoma in Al-Zahra ophthalmology hospital in Zahedan, Iran during 2010. Intra ocular pressure and central corneal thickness were measured by Goldman tonometer and pachymeter and visual field exanimated by Humphrey perimeter. Data were analyzed using SPSS-16, paired t-test, ANOVA, Mann-Whitney and Pearson correlation tests. There was significant correlation between central corneal thickness and intra ocular pressure [r=0.309, P<0.05]. A significant difference was detected in intra ocular pressure between two type of glaucoma [P<0.05]. Mean value of central corneal thickness in patient with mild visual field defect was higher than severe visual field defect but there was not significant statistical difference between central corneal thickness and visual field defect in subjects with glaucoma. This study indicated that increasing corneal thickness is accompanied with intra occular presure

[Effect of age on stereopsis]

To evaluate the effect of age on stereopsis. We evaluated stereoacuity using TNO and titmus test after full correction of refractive errors in 87 randomly selected subjects aged 5-80 years. There was a significant relashionship between stereopsis and age such that stereoacuity increased with aging [ANOVA, P<0.001]. Stereopsis decreases with aging and therefore age of the patient should be considered in this regard

Comparison of electrotherapy, rubber band ligation and hemorrhoidectomy in the treatment of hemorrhoids: a clinical and manometric study

Treatment of hemorrhoid disease is one of the most challenging fields in general surgery in which different methods are used to treat this condition. In this study, we compared the manometric and clinical results of three treatment methods for hemorrhoids. A total of 150 patients with symptomatic grades II or III internal hemorrhoids were randomly assigned to three groups. Group A underwent Ferguson hemorrhoidectomy, group B were treated with rubber band ligation [RBL] and group C were treated with direct current electrotherapy. Preoperatively, grade III hemorrhoids had significantly higher mean resting pressure and mean squeezing pressure in comparison to grade II hemorrhoids. After hemorrhoidectomy, patients in group A had a significant decrease in the maximum resting pressure [90.8 to 77.7 mmHg] and maximum squeezing pressure [130.6 to 114.8 mmHg] with a significant raise in the volume of the first sensation. However there was no significant change in manometric indexes after RBL and electrotherapy. Group A patients had more postoperative pain and itching compared to groups B and C. We conclude that electrotherapy is a safe, effective and simple method of treating grades II and III uncomplicated internal hemorrhoids. This procedure is associated with little postoperative pain and complications, and has the least changes in anorectal manometric characteristics. Therefore electrotherapy may be recommended as a treatment of choice for grades II and III uncomplicated internal hemorrhoids

[Evaluation of bacterial infection of external surface and digestive system of cockroach species]

The presence of cockroaches has health implications, such as nosocomial infection, as the insects move freely from areas within and around hospitals that may harbor pathogenic organisms. The aims of the present study were to detect cockroach species and bacterial infection transmitted by their surface and their digestive system. In this study we caught 250 cockroach from hospital of Hamedan. We hunt them with hand, glass trap and sticky trap. Then they have been carried to bacteriology lab. After anesthesia and washing in 2cc physiology serum, their gut have been expelled from oral to anal and cultured. In this study we used E.M.B, T.S.I, DNAase, B.A, SF, SS, ONPG, MR, SIM, Mnitol sult agar, Lysin, Simmon citrate and Urea as bacterial culture methods. In this study we recognized 4 species of cockroaches from hospitals of Hamedan: Periplaneta americana, Periplaneta australasiae, Blatta orientalis Blatella germanica. The most frequent one was Periplaneta americana, [88%] and just 0.8% were Blatta orientalis [the least frequency]. 23 species of bacteria recognized from surface and digestive system or cockroaches. In surface of them, Escherichia coli had 26.5%[the most frequency] and Edward siella had 0.4% [the least frequency]. In digestive system E.coli had 30.8% [the most frequency] and Morganella morgani had 0.8% [the least percent]. Tour study determined that cockroaches play as potential vectors of medically important microorganisms such as pathogenic bacteria in hospital environments. Integrated management of cockroach populations should be carried out into the disease prevention and control programs in hospitals

[Effect of occlusion therapy on visual acuity, contrast sensitivity and stereopsis in amblyopia]

To determine the effect of occluding a normal eye on visual acuity, contrast sensitivity and stereopsis in amblyopic school children. Amblyopic children from primary schools of region 2 in Mashhad were identified and referred to Optometry Clinics of Mashhad Medical University through a screening program. Informed consent was obtained from the parents. All subjects underwent an ophthalmologic examination including visual acuity, subjective refractive error, biomicroscopy and funduscopy. Best-corrected visual acuity [BCVA], contrast sensitivity and stereopsis were measured by Snellen E chart, Cambridge low contrast chart and Titmus stereotest, respectively. All tests were repeated 2 weeks, 1 month and 3 months after initial examination. Of 1,947 children, 289 [14.8%] were amblyopic of whom 62 subjects were eventually enrolled for the study. BCVA in the amblyopic eye was less than 3/10 in 25.8% of subjects before treatment however all children had BCVA of 3/10 or better afterwards. Mean BCVA in amblyopic eyes significantly increased from 0.53 +/- 0.26 logMAR to 0.24 +/- 0.23 logMAR after 2 months of treatment [P<0.001]. Mean contrast sensitivity in amblyopic eyes was 68.3 before treatment which improved to 152.5, 138.2 and 198 after 2 weeks, 1 month and 2 months of treatment, respectively [P<0.001]. Contrast sensitivity may provide better assessment of visual function as compared to visual acuity. Changes in contrast sensitivity are more sensitive to occlusion therapy as compared to visual acuity. Therefore, contrast sensitivity may yield better evaluation of subclinical changes not detectable by testing visual acuity

[Visual acuity and contrast sensitivity in pseudophakic patients after cataract surgery]

This study was designed to determine the role of intraocular lens implantation in visual acuity and contrast sensitivity in pseudophakic patients. This case control study was done in the year 2004 in Mashhad Ophthalmology Center of Khatam- al- Anbia. with convenience sampling method based on object visual acuity and contrast sensitivity in 85 pseudophakic patients [110 eyes] with a mean age of 63.83, and 20 age - matched phakic subjects [40 eyes] were compared. The visual acuity and contrast sensitivity at distance after correction of refractive disorders were measured by Snellen chart and Cambridge Low Contrast grating chart at 6 meter. Individual data, surgery date, visual acuity, and contrast sensitivity were gathered in a questionnaire and analyzed by descriptive statistics and frequency distribution tables. Statistical test showed that the best corrected visual acuity in IOL group had no significant difference from that in the phakic group [p=0.36]. But the contrast sensitivity reduces in the pseudophakic group comparing with the phakic group [p=0.004]. These patients often complain of blur vision, despite of good visual acuity. Contrast sensitivity reduced significantly with increase of age in both groups of normal and pseudophakic patients. No improvement in contrast sensitivity and visual acuity was found over the time [P[va]=0.174, P[cs]=0.257]. This study showed that intraocular lenses could provide good visual acuity for distance but there was slight reduction in contrast sensitivity. Contrast sensitivity test is an important tool for evaluation of visual function; especially age related changes or intraocular differences, which may not have been detected by visual acuity tests